Salt & Homo sapiens

Salt plays multiple roles within the human body. Within the circulatory system, it helps keep the amount of blood in the body constant, known as blood volume. Blood is made up of cells and plasma, a liquid mainly of water but also containing proteins, glucose, cholesterol, and charged particles or ions. Key ions include sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate. These ions are crucial for various body functions, so before they are excreted in urine, the kidneys control their levels in the blood and the body's water needs. The end result is that these substances are eliminated by the kidneys and excreted through urine

Water is able to move freely through cell membranes and blood vessels. However, for the body to function properly, water needs to be more concentrated in some areas than others. Salt is one of the substances that attract water, helping to keep water in the blood, which is important for maintaining blood volume.

However, consuming too much salt can cause more water to stay in the blood vessels, leading to an increase in blood volume. This higher blood volume makes it more difficult for the heart to circulate blood throughout the body. The additional strain on the heart and blood vessels can result in high blood pressure and heart disease. Yet, modern diets are often high in salt, which has a significant impact on both individual and public health. High salt consumption is closely associated with heart disease, especially high blood pressure, through various well-researched pathways. Recent studies suggest that excessive salt intake may also be linked to metabolic disorders. In this review, we first discuss the latest findings on how salt contributes to heart disease, the effects of reducing salt intake, and the use of salt alternatives as treatments. Following that, we explore how high salt intake affects metabolism and energy balance, detailing the processes involved, such as leptin resistance, the overproduction of fructose and ghrelin, insulin resistance, and changes in hormonal factors. Another aspect of metabolism affected by salt intake is its role in inducing thermogenesis and raising body temperature, which can increase energy expenditure. Although this could be seen as a beneficial metabolic effect in fighting obesity, it's important to consider the negative impacts of long-term high salt intake on heart health.

S.K.S.C.NADARAJAN & BROR.
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