Sodium Chloride in earthing pit
To ensure effective earthing and grounding, it's crucial to keep the resistance of grounding or earthing cables low by minimizing the resistivity of the soil and its surroundings. The earth wire is directly linked to the metal components of the machine that are connected to the ground. This is why a blend of salt and charcoal, with a 3:1 ratio, is added to the earth pits to boost the soil's conductivity. So, why specifically charcoal and salt? The answer lies in their unique properties. When wood is burned at a certain temperature, it evaporates all the moisture (including water and volatile substances) leaving behind a black, residue-like substance known as charcoal. This charcoal, being a low ash compound, is ideal for this purpose. The blend of salt and charcoal creates an ideal mix for facilitating ionic bonding with moisture in the ground pit. As the moisture content in the soil rises, it enhances the soil's conductivity, thereby increasing its ability to conduct electricity to the grounding rod or earth plate that is buried in the ground pit. This is the reason why the combination of charcoal and salt is the most effective for maintaining low resistance. An additional layer of salt and charcoal is applied to expand the effective area of the earth, which in turn lowers the earth's resistance. As mentioned earlier, the salt and charcoal mixture, when used as an additional layer in the ground pit, absorbs moisture from the soil and its surroundings. Moreover, the salt acts as an excellent adhesive for water, soil, and charcoal. Consequently, this combination reduces resistance and boosts the conductivity of the earth pit. This setup ensures that fault current can easily flow from the machine's metallic body through the grounding conductor (earth continuity conductor) to the earthing lead and earth electrode (earth plate) buried in the ground pit. The use of coal and powdered charcoal helps to maintain moisture around the soil for an extended period, thereby reducing the resistance of both the earth pit and the soil. This setup ensures that in the event of a fault, there is a less resistive path for the fault current to follow to the ground. Thus, it offers reliable protection for electrical machines and safeguards against electric shocks to individuals in contact with the metallic parts of electrical appliances. Given that soil resistances can vary based on the type of soil, it's crucial to test and verify the soil's conductivity before establishing an earth pit for grounding rods and earth electrodes (typically GI pipe or plate). It's important to note that the minimum and optimal resistance of the earthing and grounding system should be at least 1 Ω. If the resistance exceeds 1-5+ ohms, the size of the earthing lead and earth continuity conductor may need to be increased. Additionally, it's essential to periodically add water to the GI pipe connected to the earth pit to ensure the proper moisture level around the earth plate. This maintenance ensures that the earthing and grounding system functions effectively for protection purposes.
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