Chlorine is a chemical element that occurs naturally in the environment. While it can be found in nature, it primarily exists in combination with other atoms, such as sodium. Due to its high reactivity, chlorine readily forms bonds with various elements. Over 2,000 naturally occurring chlorine-containing compounds have been discovered in diverse organisms and locations, including within the human body. One of the most prevalent natural sources of chlorine is sodium chloride (NaCl), which is commonly known as table salt. Sodium chloride is abundant in seawater and can also be found in concentrated mineral deposits that are remnants of ancient oceans that have evaporated over extensive time periods. How is chlorine produced from this ubiquitous compound? After mining the salt, it needs to be transported to an industrial facility for chlorine production, often referred to as a chlor-alkali plant. The salt can be dissolved in water to form a brine solution, which is then sent through pipelines to the facility. Alternatively, dry salt may be moved by rail or barge to the plant, where it is subsequently dissolved in water to create brine. However, it is essential to purify the brine to eliminate possible impurities, such as magnesium, calcium, and iron, which could interfere with the electrolysis process outlined below. To achieve this purification, brine is filtered through ion-exchange membranes that permit only sodium and chloride ions, along with water, to pass through. The electrolysis process of brine does not fully transform the saltwater into the intended end products. Based on the unique circumstances within the electrolytic cell, different levels of oxygen, salt, and water can be found in the resulting products. Sodium hydroxide typically retains some residual salt in the mixture. To concentrate the mixed sodium hydroxide and brine solution, it is heated to evaporate the water. This results in a more concentrated solution, causing the salt to crystallize out, which can then be collected for the production of additional brine.

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